What is Energy Law

Energy Law relates to the laws that govern the use, regulation, and conservation of energy. Energy laws are typically designed to both ensure the safety of energy consumers as well as to provide for increasingly efficient electronics and appliances.

Technology and Energy

As society advances technologically, its energy needs increase, as well. As a result, energy laws are becoming more and more important. Similarly, as new energy sources emerge, such as nuclear and fusion, the laws that apply to energy must combat the issues and dangers inherent in the production and distribution of these types of energy and their underlying technology.

چاپ شده در:

کتاب کنگره جامع حقوق ایران

تاریخ برگزاری کنگره: 14 اسفند 1394

پــایـگـــاهـــ مــــقــــالاتــــ حـــقـــوقـــی مـــدرســـه وکـــالـــتــــ و تــــجــــارتـــــ

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ساختار، گستره عملیات بالادستی و پائین دستی،

و مسئولیت ( مطالعه موردی دعوای نفتکش اریکا)

روح اله خلجی

چاپ شده در:

کتاب کنگره جامع حقوق ایران

تاریخ برگزاری کنگره: 14 اسفند 1394

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تاکید معاهده  منشور انرژی بر مسئولیت مدنی

شرکت های دولتی فعال در بخش انرژی

نحوه ارجاع به منبع: کتاب کنگره بین المللی جامع حقوق ایران؛
تاریخ برگزاری همایش: اسفند 1394؛
صفحه 67
نویسندگان: روح اله خلجی، دکتر مهدی عاشوری

A Preamble on Iran`s Oil and Gas Penal Law

By Rouhollah Khalaji

MA in Corporate Law

Shahrekord University

lawyerkhalaji@hotmail.com

Abstract

In 2012, the Guardian Council of Islamic Republic of Iran has affirmed a law that contains issues with regard to recognition of the penal liability of the public legal entities. Accordingly, the criminal law of oil and gas industries entered into the country’s legal system. Since this law has commercial, industrial, economic and penal aspects, it might be said that would be covered by the commercial penal branch of the law. From Industrial and technical perspective, oil and gas crimes are divided into crimes related to oil and gas and crimes against them. Based on the time of crimes, they are divided into three categories: discovery-related, production-related and distribution and sale-related. The most significant basis for Iran’s penal law of oil and gas is the Act of Protection of the Oil Industry against Disruption and Damage and the New Islamic Penal Law, section Ta’zir. By comparing the Act to the article 19 in the New Islamic Penal law, this article attempts to examine the various aspects of the oil-related crimes including the substantial dimension of those crimes as well as their most important cases. Finally the article highlights the significance of theoretical and applied studies in this legal field and solutions for oil-related crimes.

Keywords:

Crimes Related to Exploration and Production Stages; The Oil  Industry  Against  Disruption and Damage; Penal Liability of Legal Persons; Crimes Related to Oil and Gas; Crimes against Oil and Gas; Oil Facilities.

lawyerkhalaji@hotmail.com

Sommaire:

Tout comme dans le droit de la plupart des pays pétroliers, dans le droit iranien, l’état détient le monopole des opérations Upstream gazières et pétrolières. Nombreux sont les compagnies nationales ou gouvernementales qui s’occupent de ces opérations. Par ailleurs, il y a d’autres compagnies pétrolières d’état qui s’occupent des opérations dawnstream à côté du secteur privé. Quand l’état s’occupe du secteur pétro-gazier, il y a de fortes chances qu’il y aient des dommages industriels, environnementaux, maritimes, économiques et sociaux. Ces dommages pourraient fournir une responsabilité civile pour les compagnies pétrolières d’état. Le fait que ces compagnies sont publiques et pétrolières, les distingue des autres compagnies publiques et des compagnies pétrolières privées, et cela est important en ce qui concerne leur responsabilité civile et les modalités de leur dédommagement. Dans cette étude, d’abord la question de la responsabilité civile de ces compagnies pétrolières d’état a été abordée et ensuite on s’est penché sur les notions juridiques fondamentales de l’industrie pétrolière et gazière. De ce fait, les fondements de la responsabilité civile de l’état, des compagnies d’état et des compagnies pétrolières d’état ont été analysés et on a distingué les notions importantes du dédommagement pétrolier. En fin de compte, les modalités du dédommagement comme ester en justice et les modalités du paiement du dédommagement et des défis de l’industrie de l’assurance pétrolière ont été abordées. Bien qu’on se soit penché plutôt dans cette recherche sur le régime juridique de l’Iran, toutefois quand il y avait une possibilité d’avoir une approche comparée avec le droit français, on ne l’a pas ratée. À part une approche comparée avec le droit français, grâce à une recherche sur le terrain, on a essayé de mener une étude sur les activités de la compagnie pétrolière Total, une compagnie multinationale dirigée par les politiques du gouvernement français.

Mots-clés:

Pétrole et Gaz, compagnie pétrolière d’état, le droit iranien, la responsabilité civile, opérations Upsteam, dédommagement, environnement, le droit français

The Civil Liability of State-owned Oil Companies

in Iran's Legal System

with a Perspective to the Regulation of France

lawyerkhalaji@hotmail.com

In Iran’s law system, like many other oil producing countries, oil and gas upstream activities are exclusive to government. Many national or state-owned oil companies are engaged in this type of activities. In addition, there are other state-owned oil companies that alongside private sector are engaged in downstream activities. The state intervention in oil and gas activities increases the risk of various industrial, environmental and marine, economic and social damages. Such damages can establish civil liability for state-owned oil companies. The governmental nature and its oil business field are the two characteristics that distinct the state-owned and nonstate-owned oil companies, on one hand, and have effects in selecting the civil liability foundation and the compensation procedure, on the other hand. In this research, the main question; which is civil liability of state-owned oil companies has been explained, followed by defining the necessary concepts in oil and gas industry from legal perspective. The foundations of civil liability of the state, the state-owned company and state-owned oil companies have been discussed in details and the important attributes of oil damages have been divided. Although in the process of this research it has been tried to emphasize on Iranian legal system, in any cases that it was possible to adopt a comparative perspective of French law, that comparative approach had been considered. However, in addition to theoretical perspective on French law, it has been tried to employ field survey to study the activities of TOTAL Oil Company- a multinational company which is governed under domination of French Government policies.

Keywords

 Oil & Gas, State-owned Oil Companies, Iran’s Legal System, Civil Liability, Upstream activities, Compensation, Environment, French Law